Negro Baseball League Timeline

The Negro Baseball Leagues were professional leagues in the United States for players of African descent. At its height of popularity, from 1920 through World War II, Negro  Baseball Leagues were an integral part of African-American life and culture during the Jim Crow Era. Negro Baseball League Timeline 1859: The first documented baseball game between two African-American teams is played on November 15 in New York City. The Henson Baseball Club of Queens played the Unknowns of Brooklyn. The Henson Baseball Club defeated the Unknowns, 54 to 43.1885: The first African-American professional team is founded in Babylon, NY. They are named the Cuban Giants.1887: The National Colored Baseball League is established, becoming the first professional African-American league. The league begins with eight teams—the Lord Baltimores, Resolutes, Browns, Falls City, Gorhams, Pythians, Pittsburgh Keystones, and the Capital City Club. However, within two weeks the National Colored Baseball League will cancel games as a result of poor attendance.1890: The International League bans African-American players, which will last until 1946.1896:  The Page Fence Giants club is established by Bud Fowler. The club is considered one of the best teams in early African-American baseball history because pla yers toured in their own railroad car and played against major league teams such as the Cincinnati Reds.1896: The United States Supreme Court upholds Louisianas separate but equal laws concerning public facilities. This decision affirms racial segregation, de facto segregation, and prejudice throughout the United States.1896: The Page Fence Giants and Cuban Giants play a national championship. The Page Fence Club wins 10 out of 15 games.1920: At the height of the Great Migration, Andrew Rube Foster, owner of the Chicago American Giants organizes a meeting with all the Midwest team owners in Kansas City. As a result, the Negro National League is established.1920: On May 20, the Negro National League begins its first season with seven teams--the Chicago American Giants, Chicago Giants, Dayton Marcos, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABCs, Kansas City Monarchs and Cuban Stars. This marks the beginning of the Golden Era of Negro Baseball.1920: The Negro Southern League is established. The le ague includes cities such as Atlanta, Nashville, Birmingham, Memphis, New Orleans, and Chattanooga.1923: The Eastern Colored League is established by Ed Bolden, owner of the Hilldale Club, and Nat Strong, owner of the Brooklyn Royal Giants. The Eastern Colored League consists of the following six teams: Brooklyn Royal Giants, Hilldale Club, Bacharach Giants, Lincoln Giants, Baltimore Black Sox, and the Cuban Stars.1924: The Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League and the Hilldale Club of the Eastern Colored League play in the first Negro World Series. The Kansas City Monarchs win the championship five games to four.1927 to 1928: The Eastern Colored League faces many conflicts between various club owners. In 1927, New Yorks Lincoln Giants left the league. Although the Lincoln Giants returned in the following season, several other teams including the Hilldale Club, Brooklyn Royal Giants, and Harrisburg Giants all left the league. In 1928, the Philadelphia Tigers were brought into the league. Despite several attempts, the League disbands in June of 1928 over player contracts.1928: The American Negro League is developed and includes the Baltimore Black Sox, Lincoln Giants, Homestead Grays, Hilldale Club, Bacharach Giants, and the Cuban Giants. Many of these teams were members of the Eastern Colored League.1929: The stock market crashes, placing financial strains on many facets of American life and business, including Negro League baseball as ticket sales slump.1930: Foster, founder of the Negro National League dies.1930: The Kansas City Monarchs end their ties with the Negro National League and become an independent team.1931: The Negro National League disbands after the 1931 season as a result of financial strains.1932: The Negro Southern League becomes the only major African-American baseball league operating. Once considered less lucrative than other leagues, the Negro Southern League is able to begin the season with five teams including the Chicago A merican Giants, Cleveland Cubs, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABCs, and Louisville White Sox.1933: Gus Greenlee, a business owner from Pittsburgh forms the new Negro National League. Its first season begins with seven teams.1933: The inaugural East-West Colored All-Star Game is played at Comiskey Park in Chicago. An estimated 20,000 fans attend and the West wins 11 to 7.1937: The Negro American League is established, uniting the strongest teams on the West Coast and south. These teams included the Kansas City Monarchs, Chicago American Giants, Cincinnati Tigers, Memphis Red Sox, Detroit Stars, Birmingham Black Barons, Indianapolis Athletics, and St. Louis Stars.1937: Josh Gibson and Buck Leonard help the Homestead Grays begin its nine-year streak as champions of the Negro National League.1946: Jackie Robinson, a player for the Kansas City Monarchs, is signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers organization. He plays with the Montreal Royals and becomes the first African-American to play in the In ternational League in more than sixty years.1947: Robinson becomes the first African-American player in major league baseball by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers. He wins National League Rookie of the Year.1947: Larry Doby becomes the first African-American player in the American League when he joins the Cleveland Indians.1948: The Negro National League disbands.1949: The Negro American League is the only major African-American league still playing.1952: More than 150 African-American baseball players, most from the Negro Leagues, have been signed to Major League Baseball. With low ticket sales and a lack of good players, the era of African-American baseball comes to an end.

Managing And Analyzing Big Data - 2729 Words

Managing and analyzing big data is a huge task for all organizations of all sizes and across all industries. If a business’s plan to implement a data management tools there is a need for a more realistic way of capturing information about their customers, products, and services. Mining data is often in the terabytes and organizations need to be able to quickly analyze that data and then pull appropriate information needed to make managerial decisions. Further, with the insurgence of social media, smart devices and click-stream, data is generated daily on global networks through interactions. The use of data management technologies allow a company to interface unstructured data and structured data to gleam information that is usable for business managers to make sound business decisions, improve sales and to decrease operating costs. Big data integration and analysis has evolved for organizations to store, manage, and manipulate vast amounts of data then provide the appro priate information when it’s needed to meet business objectives. Big data is an element that allows companies to leverage high volume data effectively and not in isolation. Big data needs to be quickly accessible and have the ability to be analyzed. Data stores or warehouses are one way data is managed that is persistent, protected and available as long as the data is needed. The forefather to data stores is relational data bases, relational data bases put in place decades ago are still in use todayShow MoreRelatedCan We Trust Big Data Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesCan We Trust Big Data? Tanvir Singh 500826428 1. Big data lets many companies analyze data about their customers, if it is used efficiently. Spotify for example, uses its data to give the customer a better listening experience. 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Black Vision Essay Research Paper Ralph Ellison free essay sample

Black Vision Essay, Research Paper Ralph Ellison was born in Okalahoma, March 1, 1914 he was the grandson of black slaves in the South. His life was full of achievement he attended Tuskegee University from 1933-1936. In 1936 he moved to New York where he met the novelist Richard Wright, and subsequently became associated with the Federal Writer? s undertaking. Ellison achieved international celebrity with his release of? Invisible Man? in 1952 in the undermentioned twelvemonth the novel won the national book award. Ralph Ellison passed off in 1994, but he left behind him a bequest of African American civilization that many had non seen earlier. In many of Ellison? s works he writes about the Black image in America, or the? black vision? . Ralph Ellison? s black vision humiliates the black race, makes them experience inferior, segregates them, but still Ellison has hope for America, and he believes that the black race should cover with the? black vision? independently. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Vision Essay Research Paper Ralph Ellison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is best proven by the short narrative? Flying Home? , a critical essay written on Ellison, and a powerful statement given by Ralph Ellison. The affecting short narrative? Flying Home? is the narrative of an injured black pilot who lies on the land in physical hurting, as he deals with the hurting of deriving credence in a white society. Todd expresses his feelings on siting the old black adult male? s ox into town in this extract: ? Yes, and humiliation was when you could neer be merely yourself, when you were ever portion of this black ignorant adult male? 1 Ellison expresses here through the pilot that white America will neer be accepting of inkinesss. Blacks are viewed as being on a lower platform, while the Whites hold some type of high quality over them. Todd does non desire to be associated with the old adult male because the old adult male represents to Tom all that is incorrect with Black America. He is non good educated, hapless, and speaks ill ; Tom sees this as the g round why inkinesss are non genuinely accepted into society. Therefore he refuses to be associated with him in anyhow giving the medical assistance he genuinely needs. Another ground Todd does non wish to sit into town is he does non wish to be recognized for his defect. Todd feels that when he makes a error a white individual will non keep it against merely him, but instead his full race. Therefore Todd and the remainder of black America can neer have true equality because of the nescient attitudes of the white people. Through? Flying place? Ellison shows the rough universe of the? black vision? of America. Todd is Ellis on? s tool for depicting the black vision of America. Furthermore? Flying Home? and a critical essay on Ellison prove that although the vision of inkinesss in America is unfair, it is something that Ellison thought African Americans must cover with. A critic of Ralph Ellison? s work Ernest Kaiser wrote an essay called? Negro Images in American Writing? . In this essay Kaiser writes? To Ellison Negro life in America is simply portion of the general human status of western adult male to be mastered separately by each Negro as a adult male. ? 2 In this review of Ellison? s? black vision. ? Kaiser clearly states Ellison? s position on the adversities of black life in America. Ellison best represents the ideals of the? black vision? in? Flying Home? . In one peculiar scene where the old black adult male describes his vision of Eden is really symbolic of the? black vision? . ? There I was sho? but they tole me I better come down cuz us colored folks had to have on a particular type of harness when we flew. That was how come they wasn? T wingi ng. Oh yes an you had to be excess strong to wing with one of them harnesses. ? 3 When the old black adult male goes to heaven he sprouts wings, but is supposed to utilize them with a harness. This is symbolic of Ellison? s? black vision? , and how a black individual must larn to cover with battle. To wing with a harness a black adult male must hold excess strength. Just as on Earth for a Blackman to digest the? black vision? in America a black adult male must be mentally strong, must hold great endurance, to set up with the battles of humbleness, stereotypes, and dual criterions placed upon their shoulders. Ernest Kaiser clearly states the fact that Ellison believes the? black vision? should be dealt with on an single degree. Ellison proves this in the short narrative? Flying Home? Although Ellison? s? black vision? is mostly seen in? Flying Home? , Ellison still remains optimistic about America in general. Ellison is ounce quoted stating? If the universe has potency to resuscitate and do us free, it besides has the power to blind, imprison, and destroy. ? 4 Ellison believes that the universe including America is capable of fantastic things. At the same clip it is besides capable of all the things the black vision has accomplished. The? black vision? embarrasses the black American society, it is degrading, and condescending towards inkinesss, but Ellison supports that the black race trade with the issue themselves, and maintains a positive attitude for hope of get rid ofing racism. 320

Push Versus Pull Technology

The internet is a very complex communication platform. The current form of the internet is the product of multiple innovations from various people. The internet still has many technological gaps despite its current complex form. Therefore, the number of business applications as well as the tools and protocols that guide the operations of the internet will keep on increasing.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Push Versus Pull Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the context of communication protocols, technology falls within two broad classes. The two classes are Push Technology and Pull Technology. This paper examines the background, current uses, and future applications of these two technologies. Definitions The term â€Å"Pull Technology† refers to the communication model where end users initiate requests for data. Usually, the data sits in remote servers. On the other hand, â€Å"Push Technology† refers to the communication model where servers initiate the transfer of data to end users. In this case, the user is a passive recipient of information sent from the servers. The servers use filters to distinguish between different pools of information relevant to specific users. Push Technology Background to the Technology Push Technology applications avail the information in remote facilities to users. A remote server uses filters to distinguish between the kinds of information sent to each user. This model is similar to the operations of television and radio broadcast systems. The main difference between traditional applications of Push Technology and the internet is that internet Push Technology can allow for two-way communication between a server and a receiver. For instance, a receiver can make further inquiries based on the information received passively from a server. This is not possible with radio and television. Current Uses of Push Technology Some exam ples of current applications of Push Technology include online advertisements, chat, email system, and RSS feeds. Internet search companies such as Yahoo and Google use advertisements to raise revenues to fund their operations.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When a user opens a webpage, it usually has adverts from various companies related to the content on the screen. Search engine companies display advertisements without any specific request from the users. Internet chat is the second example of the application of Push Technology. When a person initiates internet chat with someone else, the receiver has no control over the information he receives via the service. Chats usually pop up when someone tries to make contact from a remote location. The receiver can only react by responding or shutting down the chat service. In recent times, VoIP has become an integral part of online chat. This application uses voice rather than text as the main chat medium. Such applications will increase in number in the future. The third example of a Push Technology application is email. Email makes it possible for internet users to communicate by sending messages to each other. Senders can send any information they please if they have the email address of a recipient. Many Internet users receive spam mail from people unknown to them in addition to emails from familiar sources. The fourth application of push systems in business is the use of RSS feeds. RSS feeds came up to enable registered people to receive notifications regarding the availability of certain types of content. RSS feeds enable such people to get alerts about recently published articles and blog posts on topics of interest to them. This helps them to keep in touch with development in fields of interest. Future Uses of Push Technology Push Technology applications will remain an important part of the online experience of many users. The main areas where Push Technology will remain important include online advertising, surveillance systems, and security applications. The current success of online advertising makes it easy to predict its continued use. Internet giants such as Google and Yahoo have proved that it is a viable business model. Facebook joined these ranks and is now experiencing good returns from its online advertising programs. These examples show that advertising will remain a major application of Push Technology.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Push Versus Pull Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, surveillance systems will use Push Technology to collect information about activities in various places. A very modest example is the use of nanny cams to monitor household activities. The nannies are unaware that they are under surveillance by remote servers. On a differ ent note, facial recognition software running on clandestine platforms will pick out wanted persons using webcams. Thirdly, more security applications will rely on push systems. Already, many facilities use biometrics to authenticate requests to get access to sensitive areas. In the future, such systems will become more common. Banks will deploy Push Technology to authenticate requests to withdraw funds from automated teller machines, and even institutions such as schools will use them to sift out students from intruders. Pull Technology Background to the Technology Pull Technology emerged when it became apparent that internet users wanted to control their access to information. In this regard, early forms of the internet gave users the ability to search data repositories, initially for research. This is still the predominant form of internet usage today. Users go to web addresses where they believe they will find useful information. The central aspect of Pull Technology is that it gives users discretion and control over where to look for information. This is different from traditional media such as radio and television that provide information based on the aggregate needs of viewers and listeners. Current Uses of Pull Technology Some of the current uses of Pull Technology are as follows. When advertisers are trying to reach global audiences, or scattered customer bases, they place content that potential customer will look for online. When these potential customers type the keywords related to their interests, search engines find the sites that contain such content. Pull Technology works when advertisers and people seeking to reach a wide audience place content on websites that matches the needs of internet users. Secondly, internet search engines work based on Pull Technology. Almost all internet users go to a search engine first to find sites of value to them. Search engines make it possible for them to find the information they need based on their requireme nts. Google is the leading search engine today. However, Yahoo and Bing are also important players in the global internet search industry.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third application of Pull Technology is in companies with restricted repositories. Many companies have confidential documents on their intranets. Such companies allow only their employees to get access to such repositories. For instance, a company like Apple has many projects going on at any time. Its product development teams do not communicate with people outside the company regarding Apple’s ongoing projects. At various points, these employees need information in the repository to carry out their functions. For instance, a project administrator may need the company’s budgets in order to prepare tender documents. In this case, the administrator uses Pull Technology to get access to the information in the repository. This is a common use of Push Technology in many corporations. Future Uses of Pull Technology Pull Technology will be around for a long time to come. Internet users need to have control over the content they view online. The future applications of Pull Technology are as follows. First, Pull Technology will remain a source of influence over the content people develop for websites and blogs. When people publish their articles online, they expect to find an audience for it. Search Engine Optimizations helps them to prepare content that interested persons can find through search engines. While these activities are already part of business today, they will become even more important to businesses in the future. Secondly, ecommerce will spur the further development of Push Technology. Ecommerce usually requires the active participation of the users. When buying something online, an internet user must go through a deliberate purchasing process. This means that the demand for Push Technology will grow with time as more people start participating in ecommerce. Thirdly, more devices are becoming part of the internet. Futuristic dreams of controlling gadgets in the home from remote locations are becoming viable with time. Soon, it may be po ssible to turn off a refrigerator remotely via the internet. There are many internet-ready gadgets in the market already. They include printers, scanners, and cameras. It is just a matter of time before ordinary household gadgets become part of the internet. The significance of these developments in light of Push Technology is that people will need a means of controlling these devices remotely. While a refrigerator may only need a thermostat to turn on or off, it requires an intelligent mind to raise its temperature from -50 to -10 in response to environmental changes. Someone on a long vacation will be able to turn off his refrigerator when winter starts. This example illustrates the technological direction the internet will take in the future, as more devices become part of the internet. Conclusion The future of the Push and Pull Technologies will follow different paths, depending on the specific applications in question. Push Technology will become more important to law enforceme nt agencies such as local police and counter terrorism units across the world. Espionage will depend on clandestine applications based on Push Technology to increase the accuracy of intelligence gathered for business or law enforcement purposes. Secondly, the future of Push Technology is also bright because of the increasing sophistication of internet users across the world. Users will keep on demanding better content and greater control over their online activities. In this regard, more content of this nature will be available online as time moves on. The third expectation is the convergence of the two technologies in more applications across the internet. Today, Google search results display both the results of a search and adverts related to the search. While the user initiates the search process, the search engine provider uses the opportunity to place adverts on the screen. The simultaneous application of both technologies will become more common. Works Cited Cardoso, Gustavo. From Mass Communication to Networked Communication: Thoughts 2.0. Lisbon: Lisbon Internet and Networks, 2009. Print. Holmes, David. Communication Theory: Media, Technology, and Society. London: SAGE, 2005. Print. Kull, Katrin. The Model of Internet-Based Marketing Communication. Tallinn: Tallinn Technical University, 2003. Print. This research paper on Push Versus Pull Technology was written and submitted by user Ayaan Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.